Results for "**Global economy**"
Business Encyclopedia Entry 1776142084
The 2008 Global Financial Crisis was a severe economic downturn that originated in the United States and spread globally, resulting in widespread job losses, home foreclosures, and a significant decline in economic output. ## Overview The 2008 Global Financial Crisis was a complex and multifaceted event that was triggered by a combination of factors, including the housing market bubble, excessive leverage, and regulatory failures. The crisis began in the United States, where a housing market bubble had formed in the early 2000s, fueled by lax lending standards and the widespread availability of subprime mortgages. As housing prices began to decline, many homeowners found themselves unable to afford their mortgages, leading to a surge in defaults and foreclosures. The crisis then spread to the financial sector, as banks and other financial institutions became increasingly exposed to the risks associated with subprime mortgages. Many of these institutions had invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities, which were essentially packages of subprime mortgages that were sold to investors. As the value of these securities began to decline, many financial institutions found themselves facing significant losses, leading to a credit crisis and a freeze in lending. ## History/Background The roots of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis can be traced back to the early 2000s, when the US housing market began to experience a significant boom. Housing prices rose rapidly, fueled by low interest rates and lax lending standards. Many homeowners were able to purchase homes with little or no down payment, and with adjustable-rate mortgages that allowed them to pay little or no interest for the first few years. However, as housing prices continued to rise, many homeowners found themselves unable to afford their mortgages when the interest rates reset. This led to a surge in defaults and foreclosures, which in turn led to a decline in housing prices. As housing prices fell, many financial institutions found themselves facing significant losses on their investments in mortgage-backed securities. The crisis then spread globally, as many countries had invested heavily in US mortgage-backed securities. The crisis was further exacerbated by the failure of several major financial institutions, including Lehman Brothers, which filed for bankruptcy in September 2008. ## Key Information * **Causes of the Crisis:** The 2008 Global Financial Crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including the housing market bubble, excessive leverage, and regulatory failures. * **Key Events:** The crisis began in the United States, where a housing market bubble had formed in the early 2000s. The crisis then spread to the financial sector, as banks and other financial institutions became increasingly exposed to the risks associated with subprime mortgages. * **Global Impact:** The crisis had a significant impact on the global economy, leading to widespread job losses, home foreclosures, and a significant decline in economic output. * **Regulatory Response:** The crisis led to a significant overhaul of financial regulations, including the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act in the United States. ## Significance The 2008 Global Financial Crisis was a significant event that had a profound impact on the global economy. The crisis led to widespread job losses, home foreclosures, and a significant decline in economic output. However, it also led to a significant overhaul of financial regulations, including the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act in the United States. The crisis also highlighted the importance of regulatory oversight and the need for financial institutions to maintain adequate capital buffers. It also led to a significant increase in the use of monetary policy, as central banks around the world implemented unconventional policies to stabilize the financial system. INFOBOX: - Name: 2008 Global Financial Crisis - Type: Economic crisis - Date: 2007-2009 - Location: Global - Known For: Widespread job losses, home foreclosures, and a significant decline in economic output TAGS: **Economic crisis**, **Financial crisis**, **Housing market bubble**, **Subprime mortgages**, **Regulatory failures**, **Dodd-Frank Act**, **Monetary policy**, **Global economy**, **Financial institutions**
Economics & BusinessBusiness Encyclopedia Entry 1777274890
The Great Moderation refers to a period of significant economic stability and reduced volatility in the United States and other developed economies, which occurred from the early 1980s to the late 2000s. ## Overview The Great Moderation is a term coined by economist Robert Shiller in 2005 to describe a period of remarkable economic stability in the United States and other developed economies. During this time, the business cycle experienced a significant reduction in volatility, characterized by fewer and less severe recessions. This phenomenon was observed in various economic indicators, including inflation, unemployment, and GDP growth rates. The Great Moderation was marked by a decrease in the frequency and severity of economic downturns, leading to a period of sustained economic growth and stability. The Great Moderation was not limited to the United States; it was a global phenomenon, observed in other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. This period of economic stability was attributed to various factors, including improvements in monetary policy, advances in economic theory, and the implementation of more effective financial regulation. The Great Moderation was also characterized by a decline in the volatility of financial markets, as measured by the VIX index, which tracks the implied volatility of the S&P 500 stock index. The Great Moderation was a significant departure from the economic instability of the 1970s and early 1980s, which was marked by high inflation, stagnant economic growth, and frequent recessions. The period of economic stability that followed was a major contributor to the increased prosperity and economic growth experienced by many developed economies during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. ## History/Background The Great Moderation began in the early 1980s, following a period of significant economic instability in the 1970s. The 1970s were marked by high inflation, which peaked at 14.8% in 1980, and frequent recessions, including the 1973-1975 recession and the 1980 recession. The high inflation of the 1970s was largely caused by the 1973 oil embargo and the subsequent price shock, which led to a sharp increase in oil prices. In response to the economic instability of the 1970s, the Federal Reserve, led by Chairman Paul Volcker, implemented a series of monetary policy measures aimed at reducing inflation and stabilizing the economy. These measures included a sharp increase in interest rates, which helped to reduce inflation and stabilize the economy. The success of these measures marked the beginning of the Great Moderation, which was characterized by a sustained period of economic stability and reduced volatility. ## Key Information The Great Moderation was marked by several key features, including: * Reduced volatility: The Great Moderation was characterized by a significant reduction in the volatility of economic indicators, including inflation, unemployment, and GDP growth rates. * Fewer recessions: The Great Moderation was marked by a decline in the frequency and severity of economic downturns, with only two recessions occurring during the period (1990-1991 and 2001). * Improved economic growth: The Great Moderation was characterized by sustained economic growth, with GDP growth rates averaging around 3% per annum. * Decline in inflation: The Great Moderation was marked by a decline in inflation, which averaged around 2% per annum during the period. ## Significance The Great Moderation was a significant phenomenon that had a major impact on the global economy. It marked a period of sustained economic growth and stability, which contributed to increased prosperity and economic growth experienced by many developed economies during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Great Moderation also highlighted the importance of effective monetary policy and financial regulation in maintaining economic stability. However, the Great Moderation came to an end in 2007, with the onset of the global financial crisis. The crisis was triggered by a housing market bubble, which burst in 2007, leading to a sharp decline in housing prices and a subsequent credit crisis. The crisis had a major impact on the global economy, leading to a deep recession and widespread economic instability. INFOBOX: - Name: The Great Moderation - Type: Economic phenomenon - Date: 1980s-2007 - Location: Global - Known For: Reduced economic volatility and sustained economic growth TAGS: **Economic stability**, **Monetary policy**, **Financial regulation**, **Global economy**, **Business cycle**, **Inflation**, **Unemployment**, **GDP growth**, **Financial crisis**
Economics & BusinessBusiness Encyclopedia Entry 1777066209
The Great Depression was a global economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, causing widespread poverty, unemployment, and economic devastation. ## Overview The Great Depression was a pivotal event in modern economic history, marked by a severe and prolonged contraction in economic activity. It began in the United States in 1929, triggered by a stock market crash, and quickly spread to other countries, affecting millions of people worldwide. The Depression was characterized by high levels of unemployment, deflation, and a sharp decline in international trade. It was a time of great hardship and suffering, with many people losing their homes, businesses, and life savings. The Great Depression was a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, with various factors contributing to its onset and duration. Some of the key causes included the stock market crash of 1929, which wiped out millions of dollars in investments; overproduction and underconsumption, which led to a surplus of goods and a lack of demand; and a global economic downturn, which was exacerbated by protectionist trade policies and a lack of international cooperation. ## History/Background The Great Depression began on October 24, 1929, when the stock market crashed, wiping out millions of dollars in investments. This event, known as Black Thursday, marked the beginning of a long and painful period of economic contraction. Over the next few years, the economy continued to deteriorate, with unemployment rising to over 25% and GDP falling by over 25%. The Depression was a global phenomenon, affecting countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and Australia, as well as the United States. One of the key events of the Great Depression was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which was passed in 1930. This act raised tariffs on imported goods, leading to a sharp decline in international trade and exacerbating the economic downturn. Another significant event was the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1933, which helped to restore confidence in the banking system and prevent further bank failures. ## Key Information Some of the key statistics and facts about the Great Depression include: * Unemployment rates: The unemployment rate rose to over 25% in the United States, with some states experiencing rates as high as 40%. * GDP decline: The GDP declined by over 25% between 1929 and 1933. * Bank failures: Over 9,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leading to a loss of over $140 billion in deposits. * International trade: The value of international trade declined by over 50% between 1929 and 1934. * Poverty: The number of people living in poverty increased significantly during the Great Depression, with some estimates suggesting that over 40% of the population lived below the poverty line. ## Significance The Great Depression had a profound impact on the world economy and society. It led to a fundamental shift in economic policy, with the establishment of the Federal Reserve System and the implementation of Keynesian economics. The Depression also led to the establishment of social safety nets, such as unemployment insurance and old-age pensions, which helped to mitigate the effects of economic downturns. INFOBOX: - Name: The Great Depression - Type: Global economic downturn - Date: 1929-1939 - Location: Global - Known For: Severe economic contraction, high levels of unemployment, and widespread poverty TAGS: **Economic downturn**, **Unemployment**, **Global economy**, **Stock market crash**, **Depression**, **Bank failures**, **Poverty**, **Keynesian economics**, **Federal Reserve System**