Results for "**Standard Model**"
Physics Encyclopedia Entry 1783659665
** This entry is about the **Higgs Boson**, a fundamental subatomic particle discovered in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) that explains how particles acquire mass. ## Overview The **Higgs Boson** is a scalar boson predicted by the **Standard Model of particle physics** to explain the origin of mass in fundamental particles. It is named after physicist **Peter Higgs**, who, along with others, proposed the existence of this particle in the 1960s. The Higgs Boson is a key component of the **Higgs mechanism**, which describes how particles interact with the **Higgs field**, a field that permeates all of space and is responsible for giving mass to fundamental particles. The discovery of the Higgs Boson was a major milestone in particle physics, confirming a key aspect of the Standard Model. The particle is extremely short-lived, decaying almost immediately into other particles, making its detection a significant challenge. The discovery was announced on July 4, 2012, by the **ATLAS** and **CMS** collaborations at the LHC, a powerful particle accelerator located at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. ## History/Background The concept of the Higgs Boson was first proposed by **Peter Higgs** and **Felix Bloch** in the 1960s as a way to explain the origin of mass in fundamental particles. The **Standard Model of particle physics** was developed in the 1970s, and it predicted the existence of the Higgs Boson as a key component of the Higgs mechanism. The **Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP)** at CERN was used to search for the Higgs Boson in the 1980s and 1990s, but it was not detected. The LHC, which began operation in 2008, was designed to have a higher energy than LEP, making it a more powerful tool for detecting the Higgs Boson. The ATLAS and CMS collaborations were formed to search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC, using sophisticated detectors and sophisticated algorithms to analyze the data. ## Key Information The Higgs Boson is a scalar boson with a mass of approximately **125 GeV** (gigaelectronvolts), which is about 133 times the mass of a proton. It is a fundamental particle that interacts with the Higgs field, which is a field that permeates all of space. The Higgs field is responsible for giving mass to fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons. The Higgs Boson was detected by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations using a technique called **particle reconstruction**, which involves analyzing the decay products of the Higgs Boson to infer its presence. The detection was confirmed by analyzing the data from both collaborations, which showed a clear excess of events consistent with the Higgs Boson. ## Significance The discovery of the Higgs Boson confirmed a key aspect of the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the behavior of fundamental particles and forces. The Higgs mechanism explains how particles acquire mass, which is a fundamental property of matter. The discovery also confirmed the existence of the Higgs field, which is a key component of the Standard Model. The discovery of the Higgs Boson has significant implications for our understanding of the universe. It confirms that the Standard Model is a fundamental theory of particle physics, and it provides a new tool for understanding the behavior of fundamental particles and forces. The discovery also opens up new avenues for research, including the study of the Higgs field and its properties. INFOBOX: - **Name:** Higgs Boson - **Type:** Fundamental particle - **Date:** July 4, 2012 - **Location:** Large Hadron Collider (LHC), CERN, Geneva, Switzerland - **Known For:** Discovery of the Higgs Boson, confirming the existence of the Higgs field and the Higgs mechanism TAGS: **Higgs Boson**, **Standard Model**, **Particle Physics**, **Large Hadron Collider**, **CERN**, **ATLAS**, **CMS**, **Felix Bloch**, **Peter Higgs**, **Higgs Mechanism**, **Higgs Field**
SciencePhysics Encyclopedia Entry 1783762265
** **Physics Encyclopedia Entry 1783762265** is an experimental particle accelerator that played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Higgs boson, a fundamental particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. ## Overview The **Large Hadron Collider (LHC)**, also known as **Physics Encyclopedia Entry 1783762265**, is a massive circular tunnel located beneath the Franco-Swiss border, near Geneva, Switzerland. The LHC is a **circular particle accelerator** that uses powerful **magnets** and **electric fields** to propel **protons** at nearly the speed of light, allowing physicists to study the fundamental nature of matter and the universe. The LHC is a collaborative project between **CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)** and over 10,000 scientists from around the world. The LHC is a marvel of modern engineering, consisting of a 27-kilometer-long (17-mile-long) tunnel, with a diameter of 3.8 meters (12.5 feet). The tunnel is lined with **superconducting magnets**, which are cooled to extremely low temperatures using **liquid helium** to achieve a temperature of -271.3°C (-456.3°F). The LHC is designed to collide **protons** at energies of up to 13 TeV (tera-electronvolts), allowing physicists to study the properties of **subatomic particles** and the fundamental forces of nature. ## History/Background The concept of the LHC was first proposed in the 1980s, with the first plans and designs emerging in the early 1990s. Construction of the LHC began in 2000, with the first beam of protons circulating in the tunnel on September 10, 2008. The LHC was officially inaugurated on September 21, 2008, with a ceremony attended by dignitaries from around the world. The LHC has undergone several upgrades and improvements since its initial operation, including the installation of new **detectors** and **accelerator technologies**. ## Key Information The LHC has made several groundbreaking discoveries since its inception, including: * **Higgs boson discovery**: In 2012, physicists at the LHC discovered the **Higgs boson**, a fundamental particle predicted by the **Standard Model of particle physics**. The Higgs boson is responsible for giving other particles mass, and its discovery confirmed a key aspect of the Standard Model. * **Quark-gluon plasma**: The LHC has also allowed physicists to study the **quark-gluon plasma**, a state of matter thought to have existed in the early universe. * **Exotic particles**: The LHC has discovered several exotic particles, including the **chi b(3P)** and the **X(3872)**. ## Significance The LHC has revolutionized our understanding of the universe, providing insights into the fundamental nature of matter and the universe. The discovery of the Higgs boson confirmed a key aspect of the Standard Model, while the study of quark-gluon plasma and exotic particles has expanded our understanding of the universe's earliest moments. The LHC has also driven innovation in **particle accelerator technology**, with applications in fields such as **medicine**, **materials science**, and **energy**. INFOBOX: - **Name:** Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - **Type:** Circular particle accelerator - **Date:** 2008 (first beam circulation) - **Location:** CERN, Geneva, Switzerland - **Known For:** Discovery of the Higgs boson TAGS: **particle accelerator**, **Higgs boson**, **Standard Model**, **quark-gluon plasma**, **exotic particles**, **CERN**, **physics**, **particle physics**, **subatomic particles**, **fundamental forces**